| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 The University of Iowa College of Nursing, Iowa City.
2 Center for Research in the Implementation of Innovative Strategies in Practice (CRIISP), Iowa City VA Medical Center.
3 The University of Kansas School of Nursing, Kansas City.
4 The University of Iowa College of Education, Iowa City.
Address correspondence to Sue E. Gardner, PhD, RN, University of Iowa College of Nursing, 320 NB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1121. E-mail: sue-gardner{at}uiowa.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract MethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
Methods. The authors chose a prospective research design using a convenience sample of nursing home residents with pressure ulcers. The patients' pressure ulcers were assessed each week with the PUSH and the Pressure Sore Status Tool. Surface area measurements derived from wound tracings were also obtained. Weekly assessments continued until the ulcer healed, the resident died, the resident transferred from the nursing home, or 6 months of assessments were complete.
Results. Thirty-two pressure ulcers comprised the study sample. Twenty-one (66%) healed during the 6-month study period and 11 (34%) did not heal. The PUSH scores decreased significantly over time among the healed ulcers but did not among the unhealed ulcers. Similarly, PUSH scores were significantly lower among the healed compared with the unhealed ulcers. Finally, total scores on PUSH were highly correlated with both the Pressure Sore Status Tool and surface area measurements.
Conclusions. The PUSH provides a valid measure of pressure ulcer healing over time and accurately differentiates a healing from a nonhealing ulcer. It is a clinically practical, evidence-based tool for tracking changes in pressure ulcer status when applied at weekly intervals.
We addressed the following research questions:
In a previous study (3), PUSH was tested in 269 pressure ulcers using secondary analyses of existing research data. Principal components analysis revealed that the items of length x width, exudate amount, and tissue type accounted for 39%–57% of the variation over time for the sample. Limitations of this study included the retrospective study design (i.e., dependence on available data with a limited number of measurement points) and the relatively short follow-up time (i.e., 12 weeks). Because larger pressure ulcers require more time to close than do smaller pressure ulcers, assessment of the PUSH during a longer period of time could establish its assessment utility as a measure of healing among a broader range of ulcers.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TopAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
The pressure ulcers of study participants were assessed each week using the PUSH, the Pressure Sore Status Tool (PSST) (4), and acetate tracings of the wound. The PSST is a 15-item instrument that assesses various characteristics of the wound and surrounding tissue based on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score is followed over time to monitor healing. Widespread adoption of the PSST in practice has been limited by the large number of items that compromise its clinical practicality. Assessment with acetate tracings included outlining the wound perimeter on transparent film and calculating surface area (in square centimeters) using a digitizing tablet (Lasico, Los Angeles, CA). Time and cost restraints have restricted the use of acetate tracings for wound assessment primarily to wound healing research.
Weekly wound assessments continued until the ulcer healed, the resident died or was transferred from the facility, or 6 months of follow-up was completed. If residents had more than one pressure ulcer, we assessed all of them using the three tools. We considered an ulcer healed when visual inspection indicated that the wound surface was reepithelialized. We obtained data regarding age, sex, race, pressure ulcer stage, and type of wound care dressing from each participant's medical record. We defined ulcer stage as the depth of tissue injury as documented by the facility staff when treatment was initiated.
Weekly assessments were conducted by registered nurses on staff at site A, a member of the research team at site B, and a graduate nursing student at site C. The registered nursing staff and the graduate student were trained by members of the research team in the use of PUSH, PSST, and acetate tracings. The training session included a review of pressure ulcer staging and wound characteristics. Use of the tools was demonstrated using digital images of wounds. The registered nursing staff, the graduate student, and a member of the research team then independently assessed 3–5 residents of the facility using PUSH, the PSST, and wound tracings. Training was conducted until 90% agreement was achieved for each tool. The level of agreement was periodically reassessed and remained at more than 90% throughout the study.
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TopAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
Table 1 lists the characteristics of the 32 pressure ulcers included in the analyses. Most were stage 2 and were located on the heel. Most were relatively new ulcers that had been present for 2 weeks or less before being entered into the study. Nearly all of the ulcers (84%) were treated with dressings or topical agents that could confound assessment of exudate amount (e.g., hydrocolloids).
|
For the healed ulcers (n = 21), the mean number of weeks to closure was 5.6 (± 4.08), with a range of 2–18 weeks. Fifteen (71%) of the healed ulcers were closed by week 6, a finding consistent with the fact that many were new stage 2 ulcers. For the unhealed ulcers, 4 did not heal during the 6-month follow-up period, 4 were unhealed when the participant died, 2 were unhealed when the participant was transferred from the study site, and 1 ulcer was unhealed when the participant underwent limb amputation. The mean number of follow-up weeks for the unhealed ulcers was 10.4 (± 7.95).
Measures of Healing
Weekly assessments of the 32 ulcers resulted in 239 assessments with each of the measurement tools. Each ulcer was assessed at least twice (at weeks 1 and 2); 1 ulcer was assessed for 29 weeks. Only 20 ulcers had assessment data up to week 5: 11 in the healed group and 9 in the unhealed group.
Table 2 shows week 1 or baseline measures of healing. Total PUSH scores ranged from 3 to 14 among all the ulcers. Total PUSH scores were significantly lower among the healed ulcers (t = –2.741; p =.010). Analyses of individual PUSH items revealed that the healed ulcers had significantly lower length-by-width scores compared with the unhealed ulcers (t = –3.132; p =.004). The healed and unhealed ulcers were not significantly different with respect to item scores for tissue type or exudate amount. Total PSST scores for week 1 ranged from 16 to 39 among all ulcers. Neither PSST total scores nor PSST item scores for size were significantly higher in the unhealed compared with the healed ulcers, although PSST total scores showed a trend in this direction (t = –2.927; p =.064). Week 1 surface area measurements based on ulcer tracings ranged from 0.04 cm2 to 19.43 cm2. Surface area measurements also were not significantly greater among the unhealed compared with healed ulcers, although the analysis trended in this direction (t = –1.932; p =.063).
|
Analyses revealed that total PUSH scores decreased significantly from weeks 1 through 5 among the healed ulcers (df = 4; F = 5.901; p =.001) but did not decrease significantly among the unhealed ulcers (Figure 1). Week-by-week comparisons of the healed ulcers revealed significant differences in total PUSH scores between weeks 4 and 5 (df = 1; F = 7.364; p =.024), differences between weeks 3 and 4 that trended toward significance (df = 1; F = 4.893; p =.054), and no significant difference in total PUSH scores between weeks 1 and 2.
|
|
Analyses of individual PUSH item scores revealed no significant interactions between each item score and healing outcome. Weekly PUSH length-times-width scores were significantly lower among the healed compared with the unhealed ulcers (df = 1; F = 6.110; p =.024). Weekly PUSH tissue type and exudate amount scores did not differ significantly between the healed and unhealed ulcers.
Correlation of the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing Scores With the Pressure Sore Status Tool and Ulcer Tracings
We computed correlations among total PUSH scores, total PSST scores, and surface area measurements based on ulcer tracings separately for weeks 1–5 (Table 3). Unlike analyses of PUSH score change over time, we computed PUSH score correlations with other measures of healing using all ulcers in the sample because healing outcome should not modify the level of association. The number of ulcers included in each analysis decreased over time because some ulcers reached closure or the patients were lost to follow-up. Surface area data based on ulcer tracings beyond week 1 was missing for 1 ulcer, and these data for week 3 were missing for another ulcer. Total PUSH scores were highly correlated with both the PSST and surface area measurements. The level of association of the measures increased over time as the wounds progressed toward closure.
|
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TopAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
When we analyzed specific items in the PUSH separately, only length x width decreased significantly among the healed ulcers. This may be a reflection of the predominance of stage 2 ulcers in the sample, the limited number of study ulcers with exudate, and the minimal categories with which to discriminate changes in tissue type and exudate amount. Because tissue type and exudate amount did not change appreciably from week to week, the only portion of the tool that was contributing to changes in the PUSH score was length x width. This raises the question of whether simply monitoring changes in wound size (length x width) would be sufficient to document healing or absence of healing in stage 2 pressure ulcers.
Essential to the validity of a wound measurement tool is the ability to distinguish a healing wound from one that fails to progress toward closure. Comparison of PUSH total scores for healed and unhealed ulcers showed that scores differed significantly as the healed ulcers approached closure, confirming the ability of PUSH to differentiate healing from nonhealing ulcers. The primary element in the PUSH that accounted for the differences between healing and nonhealing ulcers was size (length x width), attributable to the predominance of stage 2 ulcers in the sample.
This validation study has several limitations. Although we included 3 long-term care facilities during a 6-month study period, the sample size was relatively small and consisted of predominantly stage 2 pressure ulcers. Further testing of the PUSH to establish validity in full-thickness (stages 3 and 4) pressure ulcers is warranted. Multiple types of treatments, such as hydrocolloids and topical agents, were being used that could interact with wound fluids and confound the assessment of wound exudate (5). We do not know to what extent this influenced the lack of significant change in the exudate component of PUSH in the healed ulcers. Furthermore, the predominance of stage 2 ulcers limited variability in tissue type and restricted the contribution of this element to defining healed ulcers.
The PUSH provides a valid measure of pressure ulcer healing over time and accurately differentiates a healing from a nonhealing ulcer. It is a clinically practical, evidence-based tool for tracking change in pressure ulcer status over time. However, its value in monitoring change may be limited when it is incorporated into quarterly assessments such as the Minimum Data Set required in long-term care by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. In the case of stage 2 ulcers, the relatively brief time required for healing would lead to ulcer closure within the 3 months between Minimum Data Set assessments. Consequently, it would not be possible to track change over time within the context of the quarterly Minimum Data Set assessments. The more useful outcome measure in these cases may be healed or unhealed ulcers. For those ulcers that have not achieved closure within the 3-month assessment period, the PUSH score could be used to monitor changes during a more extended follow-up period.
|
APPENDIX |
|---|
|
TopAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
Patient Name:Patient ID#:
Ulcer Location: Date:
DIRECTIONS:
Observe and measure the pressure ulcer. Categorize the ulcer with respect to surface area, exudate, and type of wound tissue. Record a sub-score for each of these ulcer characteristics. Add the sub-scores to obtain the total score. A comparison of total scores measured over time provides an indication of the improvement or deterioration in pressure ulcer healing.
Length x Width: Measure the greatest length (head to toe) and the greatest width (side to side) using a centimeter ruler. Multiply these two measurements (length x width) to obtain an estimate of surface area in square centimeters (cm2). Caveat: Do not guess! Always use a centimeter ruler and always use the same method each time the ulcer is measured.
Exudate Amount: Estimate the amount of exudate (drainage) present after removal of the dressing and before applying any topical agent to the ulcer. Estimate the exudate (drainage) as none, light, moderate, or heavy.
Tissue Type: This refers to the types of tissue that are present in the wound (ulcer) bed. Score as a "4" if there is any necrotic tissue present. Score as a "3" if there is any amount of slough present and necrotic tissue is absent. Score as a "2" if the wound is clean and contains granulation tissue. A superficial wound that is reepithelializing is scored as a "1." When the wound is closed, score as a "0."
4 - Necrotic Tissue (Eschar): black, brown, or tan tissue that adheres firmly to the wound bed or ulcer edges and may be either firmer or softer than surrounding skin.
3 - Slough: yellow or white tissue that adheres to the ulcer bed in strings or thick clumps, or is mucinous.
2 - Granulation Tissue: pink or beefy red tissue with a shiny, moist, granular appearance.
1 - Epithelial Tissue: for superficial ulcers, new pink or shiny tissue (skin) that grows in from the edges or as islands on the ulcer surface.
0 - Closed/Resurfaced: the wound is completely covered with epithelium (new skin).
Note: Copyright. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2003. Reprinted with permission.
|
|
|
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Dr. Bergquist was supported by a Nursing Research Grant from Sigma Theta Tau, Delta Chapter.
The authors thank Charlotte Peake, MSN, RN, Kelli Buresh, BSN, RN, and the Department of Nursing at the Iowa Veteran's Home for their assistance with data collection.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Received May 19, 2003
Accepted June 4, 2003
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendixReferences |
|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|---|
| All GSA journals | The Gerontologist |
| Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | |
